The body temperature of the human body knowledge mistakes
One, body temperature is relatively stable meaning
The earth's surface temperature all year round in the constantly changing, each region temperatures are not the same. ( maximum and minimum temperatures can vary between 150 ℃, is temperate in many areas, winter, summer temperature difference has often at 60℃. ) As human has perfect temperature regulation mechanism, and can take the cold-proof and warm-keeping measures, so that it could be in extremely harsh climate conditions of life and work, and maintain a constant body temperature, 37℃.
Two, temperature measurement
( a ) the surface temperature and the temperature of the deep
Measurement of body temperature in commonly used special mercury thermometer, electronic thermometer.
Usually said person's body temperature is 37 ℃, refers to the internal body temperature. In fact, careful study, the various parts of the body temperature is not the same, can be divided into deep temperature and body temperature in two parts. The deep and surface without strict anatomic meaning, only refers to the functional mode classification.
1 deep temperature. Of deep body temperature is relatively stable and uniform. However, due to different metabolic levels, various visceral organs temperature is slightly different. Liver temperature up to 38℃. The brain produces more calories, temperature close to 38 DEG C. Kidney, pancreas and duodenal at temperatures slightly lower. Because the blood circulate ceaselessly, make deep organs temperatures converge. So in theory, refers to the body temperature deep blood temperature, it can represent the internal organs of the body average temperature.
2 body surface temperature. The surface temperature is lower than the temperature of the deep, and the existence and form an obvious temperature gradient. The surface has a certain thickness, in the regulation of body temperature can play a role through the insulation layer, it maintains the relative stability of deep body temperature.
The surface of the outermost layer of skin surface, i.e., its temperature is known as the skin temperature. The body parts of the skin temperature difference. At an ambient temperature of 23℃determination, forehead skin temperature was 33～ 34 ℃, the trunk is 32 ℃, 30℃for hand, foot is 27 ℃. In a cold environment, as the temperature drops, extremities ( hands and feet ) of the skin temperature decreased significantly, while the head skin temperature change is relatively small. The skin contains abundant blood vessels, all can affect the skin vasomotor factors can change the skin temperature.
( two) the temperature test area and normal value
Because the body is deep blood temperature is not easy to measure, in the clinical examination and laboratory research, in order to facilitate the determination, usually axillary, oral or rectal temperature mean temperature. General rectal temperature is highest, relatively close to the body temperature of deep, about 37.5 ℃, 2-5 minutes, but not convenient measurement, not recommended. Oral temperature is 0.5 ℃ lower than rectal temperature, of about 37℃, 3-5 minutes. The axillary temperature is 0.4 ℃ lower than the mouth, 5-10 minutes. Report of body temperature, to indicate the position determination.
Three, the temperature of the physiological variability
The deep temperature is relatively constant, but not fixed. Under normal circumstances, the temperature may vary with circadian, age, gender, environment temperature, mental and physical activity status and other conditions and certain amplitude changes.
( a ) the circadian rhythm
Human body temperature circadian periodicity. The day 's temperature at 2 ~ 6, the lowest, after dawn began to rise, the whole day is maintained at a high level, afternoon 6 when one day peak. This day (24 hours ) for reciprocating cycle, peak, trough physiological phenomenon, known as the circadian rhythm. Life on earth is human regardless of any area, showed a circadian fluctuation of temperature. Apparently, the daytime temperature rise reason, is the result of activity, high rate of metabolism, heat production increase. In fact it is not so. Stayed in bed all day to keep quiet or awake people still have the same temperature periodic variation. Experimental results show that, the subjects were placed without any marking time in deep underground chamber in the long-term life, circadian rhythm exists. But this time the circadian cycle longer than 24 hours, that the self-excited cycle. As to the subjects returned to the ground, to receive light synchronization factor influence, its physiological cycle gradually restored, still with the earth's rotation cycle to maintain synchronization. Generally, the rhythm is generated by endogenous, circadian pacemaker ( biological clock ) control. Experimental results show that, the hypothalamic suprachiasmatic nucleus is likely to be the biological rhythm control center.
( two) gender ( female basal body temperature )
Woman : the average temperature than men about 0.3 DEG c.. In addition to gender difference big, women's body temperature and monthly rhythm characteristics. Adult woman with menstrual cycle fluctuations in temperature level. As shown in figure 9-2. Determination of basal body temperature ( wake up in the morning, not up measurement of oral temperature ), high body temperature before menstruation, menstrual cramps at the same time, body temperature decreased by about 0.2～ 0.3 ℃, the temperature 0.2 ℃ lower ovulation again, then suddenly increase. Clinically, through continuous measuring basal body temperature, in order to test subjects have no ovulation and ovulation date. Female body temperature cyclical lifting, and serum progesterone and its metabolites levels coincide. This month cycle changes, may be the biological clock under control.
( three) the age
Newborn babies and toddlers temperature adjustment and development have not yet perfect, should enhance nursing insulation. Some months after birth with the nervous system is perfect and the activity and rest rules establishment, gradually formed the circadian rhythms of body temperature. Aged metabolic activity decreases, the temperature is low in young adults, the external environment of temperature changes in compensatory ability drops, cannot tolerate external environment of intense changing stimuli, to timely pay attention to insulation and heat dissipation.
( four) physical activity and emotional
Muscle activity can make heat production increased significantly, causes the body temperature to rise. Mental and emotional tension can make the body temperature to rise, some body in a tense situation, body temperature can be increased by 2℃. Operation and anesthesia, hypothermia, it must pay attention to insulation
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