Basic knowledge of human blood pressure

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One, what is blood pressure

In two, normal blood pressure values.

Three, blood pressure related NOUN

Four, blood pressure measuring method and matters needing attention

Five, patients with hypertension diet points

Blood pressure refers to the blood vessel wall to the unit area of the lateral pressure, the pressure. Due to the vascular branch arteries, capillaries and veins, so, also have the arterial blood pressure, capillary pressure and venous pressure. Commonly referred to as blood pressure, mean arterial blood pressure. When dilatation, decreased blood pressure; vasoconstriction, increased blood pressure. According to the theory of traditional Chinese medicine and folk that use: hypertension is a fever, chill with paste of gypsum, gypsum pillow, to Han g natural thermal regulation of brain and human brain in normal temperature, cerebral vascular normal work, may be effective in the control of elevated blood pressure, long-term adherence can be gradually decreased to normal water pressure.

Basic introduction of blood pressure

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Systemic arterial blood pressure or blood pressure ( blood pressure, BP ). Blood pressure blood flow within the blood vessel, acting on the wall of the pressure vessel, it is to promote blood flow within the blood vessel of power. Ventricular systole, the blood from the ventricle arterial inflow, the blood to the arterial pressure peak, called the systolic blood pressure ( systolic blood pressure, SBP ). Ventricular diastole, arterial vessel recoil, the blood still continue to flow slowly, but fall in blood pressure, the pressure is called the diastolic pressure ( diastolic blood pressure, DBP ).

The body's circulatory organs including the heart, blood vessels and lymphatic system, they are connected with each other, constituting a basically closed " pipeline system ". Normal heart is a powerful muscular organ, like a pump, it night and day, rhythmically beats. Heart of a dwarf, the blood in the circulatory organs within the stream never stops flowing. Blood flow within the blood vessel, both cardiac systolic or diastolic, both on the vascular wall to produce a certain pressure. When the systolic arterial pressure in the highest, then known as the " blood pressure "; left ventricular diastolic pressure in large arteries, minimum, so called " low voltage ". We usually say " blood pressure " actually refers to the brachial artery in the arm, which arm fossa vascular blood pressure determination in arterial blood pressure, indirect determination. We usually measure blood pressure blood pressure is not the same as the right and left, a maximum difference of 10 mmHg, the minimum difference of less than 5 mm hg.

Normal blood pressure is the circulation of the blood flow and blood pressure in a variety of factors regulating the premise, maintain normal, thus providing the various tissues and organs with enough health, to maintain the normal the new supersedes the old. Low blood pressure is too high ( hypotension, hypertension ) can cause serious consequence, BP disappeared is an omen of death, which shows that the blood pressure has important biological significance.

Blood pressure reference value

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Chinese average normal blood pressure reference value ( mmHg )

Age

Systolic blood pressure ( male)

Diastolic blood pressure ( male)

Systolic blood pressure ( female )

Diastolic blood pressure ( female )

16 20

115

73

110

70

21 25

115

73

110

71

26 30

115

75

112

73

31 35

117

76

114

74

36 40

120

80

116

77

41 45

124

81

122

78

46 50

128

82

128

79

51 55

134

84

134

80

56 60

137

84

139

82

61 65

148

86

145

83

Note: the above statistics for 98 years, now people mean blood pressure increased, increased to 4 -- between 6 numbers.

Pressure forming

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Cardiovascular system blood formation factors:

The cardiovascular system is filled with blood and. In the closed circulation system of animal is the most obvious. When the animal asystole, cardiovascular system each are big pressure higher than 7 mm Hg diastolic blood pressure. This is due to blood pressure cardiovascular system called the mean pressure of systemic circulation, is a kind of filling pressure.

The cardiac ejection force. Cardiac cycle ventricular muscle contraction by the release of energy, promoting blood flow rapidly become a part of the kinetic energy into potential energy, another part, manifestations of arterial blood pressure, it makes the aorta at expansion, storage section output become ventricular diastolic continue to promote blood flow dynamics. This makes the arterial system in terms of cardiac systolic and diastolic can maintain stable blood pressure to promote blood circulation. If you use T arterial intubation by artery connected to gauge, by T tube side tube measured blood pressure is the Department's side, close the side tube, the blood pressure and the straight tube is connected measuring blood pressure for a terminal pressure. Terminal pressure side pressure and blood flow of the kinetic energy and pressure. Equal to 1/2 ( as the density of blood, for the blood flow velocity ).

Subjects in the resting cardiac output at about 5 minutes per liter, aortic blood velocity of about 20 centimeters per second, aortic pressure and final pressure difference of only 0.3 mm hg. Size of the arterial blood flow velocity gradually slowed down, the difference between the two smaller than the flow, pressure potential energy more, so blood can be negligible kinetic energy factor. Usually the blood pressure is measured by intravascular pressure parts. In the resting state is applicable, but during heavy exercise, cardiac output increased, the contraction of the heart to produce kinetic energy will become blood total energy can not be neglected part.

Blood pressure related knowledge points

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Hypertension: arterial blood pressure to normal values over the abnormal elevation.

Systolic blood pressure: ventricular, aortic pressure increases sharply, in systolic medium to reach a maximum value, then the arterial blood pressure value is called the systolic pressure, also known as the " high pressure ".

Diastolic pressure: diastolic ventricular, aortic pressure drops, in late diastolic arterial blood pressure minimum value is called the diastolic blood pressure, also known as the " low pressure ".

Pulse pressure: the systolic pressure diastolic pressure difference.

Mean arterial pressure: a heartbeat cycle in every moment of the mean arterial blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure and pulse pressure is approximately equal to 1/3.

KPa: kPa, usually used for blood pressure value.

MmHg: mmHg, people using a mercury sphygmomanometer to measure blood pressure with the height of a column of mercury " mm Hg " to indicate the level of blood pressure.

( 1mmHg mm Hg ) =0.133kPa (1000 Pascal )

( 7.5mmHg mm Hg ) =1kPa (1000 Pascal )

The ideal blood pressure systolic pressure, diastolic pressure: <120mmHg <80mmHg.

Normal blood pressure systolic pressure, diastolic pressure: <130mmHg <85mmHg.

High normal blood pressure limit or prehypertension: systolic blood pressure in 130~139mmHg and / or diastolic blood pressure in 85～ 89mmHg.

Hypertension: SBP ≥140mmHg and ( or ) DBP ≥ 90mmHg.

Hypotension: systolic blood pressure < 90mmHg and ( or ) diastolic blood pressure < 60mmHg.

Borderline hypertension: systolic blood pressure at 140 ~ 160mmHg ( 18.6 ~ 21.3kPa ), diastolic blood pressure in 90 ~ 95mmHg ( 12 ~ 12.6kPa ).

Blood pressure measuring method

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Due to the characteristics of blood pressure has obvious fluctuation, need to share the same repeated measurements can determine whether persistent elevation of blood pressure. At present, use the following three methods for the evaluation of the level of blood pressure.

A clinic, casual blood pressure

Clinic casual blood pressure is present in the clinical diagnosis of hypertension and grading standard method, by the medical staff at standard conditions according to the unified standard of measurement. Specific requirements are as follows:

1 blood pressure measurement, temperature appropriate environment should be quiet. Rest at least 5 minutes before measurement. Measurement of half an hour before the smoking ban, forbid drinking tea or coffee, urine emptying. Avoid nervousness, anxiety, emotional or pain.

2 subjects generally take seat, measured right arm, muscles relax; should not be too much or too thick sleeves rolled up pushing, extrusion in the cuff. The elbows should be placed in the heart of the same level.

3 cuff balloon should surround the upper arm 80%, under the cuff edge should be at elbow on 2.5 cm. The chest part of a stethoscope is placed under the cuff fossa cubitalis place brachial artery, press the stethoscope and skin full contact, should not be pressed too heavy.

4 when measuring the rapid inflation, pressure in the airbag should reach the wrist radial artery pulse disappeared, and rise to 30 millimeter of mercury column ( mmHg ) and slow deflation, so that the mercury column at a constant velocity decreased ( 2 - 5mmHg/ seconds ). To hear first noise mercury column convex height graduated numerical values as a systolic blood pressure; to the sound disappears when the readings for diastolic blood pressure. Children, pregnancy, severe anemia or aortic insufficiency cases, auscultation sounds do not disappear, then decided to change as the diastolic pressure. Obtain diastolic blood pressure readings, quickly deflated to zero ( 0) level.

5 should be repeated measured 2 times, each separated by 2 minutes. 2 readings mean values. If the 2 readings of systolic or diastolic blood pressure readings differ by more than 5mmHg, should be every 2 minutes, measured third times, then take 3 readings mean value.

Two, self blood pressure measurement

Self measurement of blood pressure is measured by the home or other environment to measure blood pressure, referred to as the self testing pressure. Self testing blood pressure has the following 6 major significance:

1 difference between persistence and " white coat hypertension ". Self testing at home blood pressure value should not be less than 135/85 mm hg.

2 assessment of the efficacy of antihypertensive drugs.

3 improvements in patient treatment compliance.

4 may reduce the cost of treatment.

5 self testing blood pressure with time flexibility. For example, some blood pressure of hypertensive patients in more than 5 to 6 or 19 to 20 increase in consulting room, rely on casual blood pressure missed, and self testing blood pressure is easy to discover that some patients.

6 regular observation. To understand the treatment of blood pressure changes, provide more comprehensive information for diagnosis and treatment.

Self testing blood pressure specific method and clinic of casual blood pressure to basically the same. Using mercury sphygmomanometer, but training must be Korotkoff sound auscultation. Generally recommended in line with international standards ( ESH and AAMI ) of the upper arm type fully automatic electronic blood pressure monitor. Do not recommend the use of semi-automatic, wrist and finger stall type electronic blood pressure meter. Self testing blood pressure, also with 3 readings mean values recording, recorded simultaneously measured to date, time, location and activity. In general, self testing blood pressure values less than clinic blood pressure values. There is not a unified self testing normal value of blood pressure, recommended 135/85mmHg as upper limit of normal reference values.

Three, ambulatory blood pressure monitoring

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring should be used in line with international standards ( ESH and AAMI ) of the monitor. The subjects in the daily life. Pressure time interval 15～ 30 minutes, day and night to the same time interval measurement. General monitoring for 24 hours, if only for diagnostic evaluation, can only daytime blood pressure monitoring.

Ambulatory blood pressure monitoring is available 24 hours a day and night, each time blood pressure mean and dispersion, can be more sensitive, objectively reflect the actual level of blood pressure, blood pressure variability and circadian rhythm of blood pressure and target organ damage, as well as prognosis than clinic casual blood pressure are more closely related to.

Blood pressure measurement points for attention

Blood pressure measurement during the matters needing attention

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1 blood pressure gauge to check periodically, in order to maintain its accuracy, and should be placed stably, keep upright or shock.

2 recommendations for the use of convenient electronic sphygmomanometer, need to pay attention to wear the correct position.

3 be close observation of blood pressure, as far as possible should be four: set time, the site, set position, state.

4 of the patients with hemiplegia, should be in the contralateral arm measurement.

5 in order to avoid the effect of blood flow, in the measurement of blood pressure, blood pressure and brachial artery, heart sac should be at the same level, when sitting, the brachial artery smooth fourth costal cartilage; to lie when, and axillary midline flat. If the body is too high, the measured blood pressure often low, lower, then the measured blood pressure on the high side.

Clinical significance of the blood pressure change

1 elevated blood pressure blood pressure measurement is affected by many factors, such as emotion, stress, exercise; if in a quiet, sober conditions using the standard method of measuring the at least 3 times a day, blood pressure value reaches or exceeds the systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure ( 140mmHg or 90mmHg ), can be considered as having hypertension, if only the contraction pressure reaches the standard is called simple systolic hypertension. Hypertension is the most essential hypertension, about 5% secondary to other diseases, known as secondary or symptoms such as hypertension, chronic nephritis. Hypertension atherosclerosis is Wacom heart